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Turkish Language

Turkish is very easy to read since it is read as written. If you know the sounds of the letters you can read but not understand!

Letter	Sound	As in	Never
A-a	a	car	came
B-b	b	bed
C-c	dj	jam	cap or pace
Ç-ç	ch	church
D-d	d	day
E-e	e	etch or pet
F-f	f	fetch
G-g	g	get
Ğ-ğ	no sound	makes preceding vowel longer
H-h	h	hedge or hot
I-ı	uh
I-i	ee	meet
J-j	zh	pleasure
K-k	k	kettle
L-l	l	ledge
M-m	m	mat
N-n	n	not
O-o	o	not
Ö-ö	ö	curt, church (with rounded lips)
P-p	p	pot
R-r	r	rot
S-s	s	sock
Þ-þ	sh	shop
T-t	t	top
U-u	oo	pool
Ü-ü	pronounced like	"ee" with rounded lips
V-v	v	vodka
Y-y	y	you
Z-z	z	zoo

The aim of this section is not to teach you Turkish, but just to give you a rough idea to how the language works.

Word Formations

In English you can make new words by adding something to the beginning or end of the first word. You can start with a singular noun and add "s" for a plural (e.g. cat-cats), or add "ed" to verbs to make the past tense (e.g.love/loved). Turkish does this all the time, often instead of using separate words like "my" or "from". For example "hotel" is otel in Turkish, "hotels" is oteller, "my hotels" is otellerim, "in my hotels" is otellerimde....

There are two types of vowel In Turkish. Usually each word uses vowels from the same group. Do not forget there are always exceptions.
"back" vowels are: a-ı-o-u
"front" vowels are: e-i-ö-ü
You need to know "vowel harmony" to make plurals and so correctly.

-s plural ler - lar

hand	el	hands	eller
car	araba	cars	arabalar
with, by	ile
with/by car	araba ile
without	sız-siz-suz-süz
without hand	elsiz
without car	arabasız
without salt	tuzsuz
without milk	sütsüz
from	den/dan
from home	evden
from car	arabadan
to	ya, a, ye, e
to the car	arabaya
to the school	okula
to the gallery	galeriye
to the house	eve
in, on, at	da, ta, de, te
at the car	arabada
on the street	sokakta
in the house	evde
at the customs	gümrükte

Nouns

Noun is always singular when using a number with.
Example: "4 cars" 4 araba, "2 hands" 2 el.

There is no masculine or feminine nouns in Turkish so that "he" and "she" are the same. Also there is not a specific word for "the" in Turkish. For example araba could mean either "car" or "the car". "a" is the same word as "one" bir araba means "a car " or "one car" according to context.

Pronouns

"He" or "she" and "it" are all the same pronoun in Turkish. There are however two different pronouns for the word "you".If speaking to one person on friendly terms you can use sen, and when speaking to several people or someone you do not know well better to use siz. As a new learner you can use sen, instead of formal siz.

Ben means "I", beni means "me", benim means "mine", bana means "to me", bende means "with me", benden means "from me".
Sen means "you" in singular and informal way, seni, senin, sana, sende senden
O, means "he, she, it", onu, onun, ona, onda, ondan
Biz, means "we", bizi, bizim, bize, bizde, bizden
Siz, means "you" (plural) or formal singular "you", sizi, bizin, size, sizde, sizden
Onlar, means "they", onlari, onlarin, onlara, onlarda, onlardan.

Adjectives

Adjectives come before nouns and the verb comes at the end. Daha is the word for "more", and en is the word for "most". Example: "a new car" yeni araba, "a newer car" daha yeni araba, "a newest car" en yeni araba.
"my", "your" etc. are expressed by ending. Note that "their" form is the same as for "his,her,and its"

my	-m	my car	arabam
your(single, informal)	-n	your car	araban
his, her, its	-sı-si	his car	arabası
our	-mız-miz	our car	arabamız
your(plural, formal)	-nız-niz	your car	arabanız
their	-sı-si	our car	arabası

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